The Five Basic Quality Parameters Of water.

The five following parameters are basic to life within aquatic systems. 

• Dissolved oxygen
• Temperature
• Electrical conductivity  
• PH 
• Turbidity

Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen is oxygen gas molecules (O2) present in the water. Plants and animals cannot directly use the oxygen that is part of the water molecule (H2O), instead of depending on dissolved oxygen for respiration.

Oxygen enters streams from the surrounding air and as a product of photosynthesis from aquatic plants. Consistently high levels of dissolved oxygen are best for a healthy ecosystem.

It is the amount of oxygen dissolved in water. Most aquatic organisms need oxygen to survive and grow.

Levels of dissolved oxygen vary depending on factors including water temperature, time of day, season, depth, altitude, and rate of flow. Water at higher temperatures and altitudes will have less dissolved oxygen. Dissolved oxygen reaches its peak during the day. At night, it decreases as photosynthesis has stopped while oxygen-consuming processes such as respiration, oxidation, and respiration continue, until shortly before dawn.

Human factors that affect dissolved oxygen in streams include the addition of oxygen-consuming organic wastes such as sewage, the addition of nutrients, changing the flow of water, raising the water temperature, and the addition of chemicals.

Dissolved oxygen is measured in mg/L.

0-2 mg/L: not enough oxygen to support life.
2-4 mg/L: only a few fish and aquatic insects can survive.
4-7 mg/L: good for many aquatic animals, low for cold water fish
7-11 mg/L: very good for most stream fish

If there is not enough oxygen in the water, the following may happen:

• Death of adults and juveniles
• Reduction in growth
• Failure of eggs/larvae to survive
• Change of species present in a given water body is the amount of oxygen dissolved in water. 
• Most aquatic organisms need oxygen to survive and grow.

Temperature

temperature is a measure of the average energy (kinetic) of water molecules. It is measured on a linear scale of degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit.

It is one of the most important water quality parameters. Temperature affects water chemistry and the functions of aquatic organisms. It influences the:

• amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water,
• the rate of photosynthesis by algae and other aquatic plants,
• metabolic rates of organisms,
• the sensitivity of organisms to toxic wastes, parasites and diseases, and timing of reproduction, migration, and aestivation of aquatic organisms.

Electrical Conductivity/Salinity

This is a measure of the capability of a solution such as water in a stream to pass an electric current. This is an indicator of the concentration of dissolved electrolyte ions in the water. It doesn't identify the specific ions in the water. However, significant increases in conductivity may be an indicator that polluting discharges have entered the water.

Every creek will have a baseline conductivity depending on the local geology and soils. Higher conductivity will result from the presence of various ions including nitrate, phosphate, and sodium.

The basic unit of measurement for conductivity is micromhos per centimeter (µmhos/cm) or micro siemens per centimeter (µS/cm). 

Either can be used, they are the same. It is a measure of the inverse of the amount of resistance an electric charge meets in traveling through the water.

 Distilled water has a conductivity ranging from 0.5 to 3 µS/cm, while most streams range between 50 to 1500 µS/cm. Freshwater streams ideally should have a conductivity between 150 to 500 µS/cm to support diverse aquatic life.

Salinity is a measure of the number of salts in the water. Because dissolved ions increase salinity as well as conductivity, the two measures are related. The salts in seawater are primarily sodium chloride (NaCl). However, other saline waters, such as Mono Lake, owe their high salinity to a combination of dissolved ions including sodium, chloride, carbonate, and sulfate.

Conductivity will vary with water source: groundwater, water drained from agricultural fields, municipal wastewater, rainfall. Therefore, conductivity can indicate groundwater seepage or a sewage leak.

PH

pH is a measure of how acidic or basic (alkaline) the water is. It is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration. The pH of pure water is 7. In general, water with a pH lower than 7 is considered acidic, and with a pH greater than 7 is considered basic.

The normal range for pH in surface water systems is 6.5 to 8.5, and the pH range for groundwater systems is between 6 to 8.5. The pH scale goes from 0 to 14. For each whole number increase (i.e. 1 to 2) the hydrogen ion concentration decreases and the water become less acidic.

 As the pH decreases, water becomes more acidic. As water becomes more basic, the pH increases. 

Measured on scale from 0 to 14 

•  0= highly acidic (HCl) 
•  pH of natural water 6.5-8.5 
•  neutral (pure water): 7 
• Sea water pH ranges from 7.5- 8.5 
• Optimal range for life = 6.5 - 8.2 
• 14=highly basic (bleach) 

Turbidity

Turbidity is a measure of the number of suspended particles in the water. Algae suspended sediment, and organic particles can cloud the water making it more turbid Suspended particles diffuse sunlight and absorb heat. This can increase temperature and reduce light available for algal photosynthesis. 

If the turbidity is caused by suspended sediment, it can be an indicator of erosion, either natural or man-made. Suspended sediments can clog the gills of fish. The sediment can also carry pathogens, pollutants, and nutrients.

Suspended particles diffuse sunlight and absorb heat. This can increase temperature and reduce light available for algal photosynthesis. If the turbidity is caused by suspended sediment, it can be an indicator of erosion, either natural or man-made. Suspended sediments can clog the gills of fish. Once the sediment settles, it can foul gravel beds and smother fish eggs and benthic insects. The sediment can also carry pathogens, pollutants, and nutrients.

Other Constituents of Concern

Nitrogen (NO3-N)

Nitrogen is a nutrient that occurs naturally in both fresh and salt water. It is essential for plant growth in an aquatic ecosystem. Problems occur when large amounts nitrogen are introduced into the stream ecosystem. 

Total Coliform

Total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and E. coli are all considered indicators of water contaminated with fecal matter. Contaminated water may contain other pathogens (micro-organisms that cause illness) that are more difficult to test for. Therefore these indicator bacteria are useful in giving us a measure of contamination levels.

E-Coli

E. coli is a bacterial species found in the fecal matter of warm-blooded animals (humans, other mammals, and birds). Total coliform bacteria are an entire group of bacteria species that are generally similar to and include the species E. coli. There are certain forms of coliform bacteria that do not live in fecal matter but instead live in soils. Fecal coliform bacteria are coliform bacteria that do live in fecal matter, including, but not limited to, the species E. coli. Most of the fecal coliform cells found in fecal matter are E. coli. 

What Is Water (H2O).

In my language i can say water is the only water that nothing will replace to water in any ways or any where or any position in the world.  water is life for every creature in the world  that you can not live with out water. we may live for a long period with out food, but with out water we can't. 

Water is one of the most important needs of living things. It is second only to the air we breathe. In fact, some scientists believe that all life began in water. Today, our space explorations have found signs that water exists not only on Earth but throughout the universe. If this is so, it may be that living things exist or have existed on these other planets.

Water Existing States.

Water is a liquid at the temperatures and pressures that are most adequate for life. Specifically, at a standard pressure of 1 atmospheric pressure & water is a liquid between 0 °C and 100 °C. 

Avaibility In the Earth.

Water is the most abundant liquid on Earth. It covers more than 70% of the earth's surface. Including the clouds (which are, of course, also water), it makes our entire planet look blue and white from space. 

The water on the surface of Earth is found mainly in its oceans (97.25 percent) and polar ice caps and glaciers (2.05 percent), with the balance in freshwater lakes, rivers, and groundwater. 

As Earth’s population grows and the demand for fresh water increases, water purification and recycling become increasingly important. Interestingly, the purity requirements of water for industrial use often exceed those for human consumption.

Forms Of Water.

• It can be vapor - as the steam from your breath or cooking, or unseen as humidity in the air.
• It can be liquid - as a beverage or a lake, stream, river or ocean.
• It can be solid - as ice.

Taste, Color and odor

Pure water is usually  tasteless, colorless and odorless, although humans have specific sensors that can feel the presence of water in their mouths, and frogs are known to be able to smell it. However, water from ordinary sources (including bottled mineral water) usually has many dissolved substances, that may give it varying tastes and odors. Humans and other animals have developed senses that enable them to evaluate the potability of water by avoiding water that is too salty or putrid.

Structure Of Water

The water molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms, each linked by a single chemical bond to an oxygen atom. Most hydrogen atoms have a nucleus consisting solely of a proton. Two isotopic forms, deuterium and tritium, in which the atomic nuclei also contain one and two neutrons, respectively, are found to a small degree in water. Deuterium oxide (D2O), called heavy water, is important in chemical research and is also used as a neutron moderator in some nuclear reactors.

Although its formula (H2O) seems simple, water exhibits very complex chemical and physical properties.

The water molecule is not linear but bent in a special way. The two hydrogen atoms are bound to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.5°.

The O−H distance (bond length) is 95.7 picometres (9.57 × 10−11 metres, or 3.77 × 10−9 inches). Because an oxygen atom has a greater electronegativity than a hydrogen atom, the O−H bonds in the water molecule are polar, with the oxygen bearing a partial negative charge (δ−) and the hydrogens having a partial positive charge (δ+).

Hydrogen atoms in water molecules are attracted to regions of high electron density and can form weak linkages, called hydrogen bonds, with those regions. This means that the hydrogen atoms in one water molecule are attracted to the nonbonding electron pairs of the oxygen atom on an adjacent water molecule. The structure of liquid water is believed to consist of aggregates of water molecules that form and re-form continually. This short-range order, as it is called, accounts for other unusual properties of water, such as its high viscosity and surface tension.

Beware !! About Plastics bottles if you are re using a bottle for long time.

 In our daily life, we have don't know how we are enemy of our-self. Most of the people don't know about using of plastic bottle in a limited period. An educated person is also not aware of using the plastic bottle. In Indian culture always using anything up to last moment of that item. we squeeze out all value of money form that item that we have paid.  Using & reusing of a plastic bottle for storage, especially for water is normal in the Indian household. we always reuse plastic bottle even also cold drinks bottle we reuse for a long time without thinking about the disadvantage of that.

  

For buying a drinking water we thought a lot of times & take also the best brand from available in the market, but never thought of water container in which we store water or any liquid item. A lot of research says that plastic water bottles contain some harmful chemicals which may enter your body via water & put your health at risk.


Some Reson for not using the plastic bottle for a long time.

The growth of Bacteria  :

There is always a risk of Bacteria contamination if you use the plastic bottle for a long time without washing regularly because of bacterial grow fast in dirty bottle proved by researchers. A lot of diseases comes if you drink in Bacteria contaminated bottle like diarrhea, stomach pain, illnesses, other stomach related disease etc. 

Contains Chemical Like PET.

      In every Plastic bottle Always Contain Polyethylene Terephthalate ( PET)  which contains a carcinogenic compound known as Diethylhydroxylamine (DHEA) even also any high-grade bottle like best brands available in the market. Such bottles are safer for one-time use only as experts opinion. After that, you reuse the bottles will cause more leaking of  DHEA from plastic & chemical enter your body with water that causes a lot of health issue like irritation in the eyes & the skin & Over exposure such agent may cause cancer also.

Contain chemical Like BPA

      In almost all plastic items like bottles, containers, toys & other plastic items frequently using the chemical like BPA. At the 1st time, we drink water from plastic bottle, limited exposure of BPA. but when you use the bottle for a long time more BPA leaches from plastic & get mixed with water which enters to our bodies that creates health problems like altered hormonal levels, hearts problems, neurological disorders & even cancer also.

       so, In order to lead a healthy life, you should break the habit & stop reusing plastic water bottles. In place of the plastic bottle, you may use steel & copper container is the best for you life.

  How To Know that Bottle Is Reusable Or Not? ..... click here

How To Know If The Bottle Is Reusable Or Not?

It is simple to know whether you can re-use the bottle or not. Have you ever noticed the numbers written in the triangles at the bottom?  Like this.

This triangle is the universal symbol of recycling and is known as Resin Identification Code or RIC. These numbers in the triangle range from 1 to 7, indicating the type of plastic used to make the water bottle. It is important for you to know the different kinds of plastic and their durability to stray away from using the unhealthy ones.

 1: PET or polyethylene terephthalate

PET is the most common type of plastic which is used in making the average beverage bottles Juices, soft drinks, bottled water and etc.  PET is porous and tends to collect bacteria and other harmful residual substances. This simply describes that you cannot use the bottle for long times, as the plastic would start to become toxic. It can be recycled though, but can’t be used for longer times.

 2: HDPE or high-density polyethylene

This plastic is usually the thicker and opaque type of plastic and most commonly used in jugs, for storage detergent, butter container & other certain beverages.  If you have noticed the milk mugs which were used in our old times, they were opaque and white in color. They were usually made up of HDPE. This kind of plastic is very safe and can be used for storage as it has the low risk of leaching. it is also recyclable. 

 3: PVC or polyvinyl chloride

This type of plastic is used to make PVC pipes, wires, and tubes used for plumbing and other such purposes.  PVC is a bad conductor of heat and electricity and is tough and rugged. It is said to be highly toxic for cooking and storing food items in them. The phthalates used in its manufacturing disrupt the hormonal development and can cause other serious ailments. Never ever cook food in PVC. Don’t use it to microwave your food in this PVC wraps.

 4: LDPE or low-density polyethylene

This types of plastic are the most commonly used for producing grocery bags, some food warps & bread bags. This ethylene bags which we’ve been using to carry groceries, foods, bread, etc. are made of LDPE. This is used for storage but it is not acceptable for recycling.

5: PP or polypropylene

PP is used to manufacture containers which have a cloudy finish and a wide mouth. From PP a lot of variety of item are made like yogurt cups, water bottles, ketchup bottles and medicine containers are important. Polypropylene is very safe for storage and very widely accepted for recycling also.

6: PS or polystyrene

Most common with disposable plastic cups, Styrofoam plates and cups, plates and utensils, the number 6 kind of plastic has recently been speculated to be highly dangerous as it leaches potentially toxic chemicals - especially when heated. Stay away from using these at all if possible. This plastic is also very difficult to recycle.

7: Other Kinds

This group mostly includes a wide variety of plastics that were invented after 1987. It could contain anything from Polycarbonates to Bisphenol A (considered very dangerous). Use of this category of plastics is completely at your own risk. So, to be on the safe side, we suggest not using this plastic for any kind of food storage or consumption  & always check the bottom of the bottle before purchasing.


Beware !! About Plastics bottles if you are re using a bottle for long time. 

10 Food that won't make You Fat.

1. Fruit.

Some popular diets recommend limiting fruit because of its relatively high concentrations of sugar compared to other foods. However you can continue to lose weight even while eating fruit, so long as you don’t pig out on it. Fructose, the sugar in fruit, is bad for you not because it raises your blood sugar, but because it is converted to fat in the liver. However the relatively small amounts of fructose present in whole fruit is nothing to worry about.

2. Beans.

Though beans are relatively rich in carbs, a substantial portion of it is fiber and the overall glycemic load is pretty low. Beans are also an excellent source of iron, protein and folate, as well as essential minerals.

3. Oats.

Oatmeal is tricky because Quaker and other companies have somehow convinced us that cooking real oats is too hard and time consuming for any civilized human being. This conveniently allows them to mark up the prices on their instant, pre-sweetened varieties that are closer to dessert than they are to a healthy breakfast. But in reality real rolled oats are low calorie, high fiber, and not fattening in the least. They also cook up in minutes.

4. Dairy product with out sugar.

Have you ever checked the label of plain yogurt and wondered how all that sugar got in there? No you’re not crazy, it’s just that the FDA nutrition labels don’t distinguish between added sugar (sucrose or fructose) and naturally occurring sugars like lactose, the sugar in milk. In reasonable quantities and without added sugars (read labels carefully), unsweetened dairy products will not usually contribute to fat accumulation.

5. Lentils.

Like beans, lentils are full of fiber and digest slowly. If anything, adding lentils to your diet will likely help you lose weight, not make you gain it.

6. Wheat.

One of my favorite foods, wheat is a dense and chewy grain with a thick husk and rich flavor. Although it is a grain, it is very filling and a little goes a long way. No need to spike your blood sugar with this stuff.



7. Wine.

Though people often cite wine and alcohol as having a lot of calories, your body digests alcohol calories different than sugar calories and they have virtually no impact on glycemic response. Though there are many reasons to keep your wine portions under control, sharing the occasional bottle won’t stop you from losing weight.

8. Quinoa.

Technically a seed and not a grain, quinoa is a good source of protein and fiber, and has a very low glycemic index. It’s also high in iron, has a complete amino acid profile (great for vegetarians) and cooks in almost no time.

9. Brown rice.

A lot of people claim to dislike brown rice, but cooked properly it can be a beautiful addition to almost any meal. A small serving of brown rice can make your salads, stir fries and other vegetable dishes more satisfying, while not forcing that big blood sugar spike you’d get from eating bread.

10. Potatoes.

This may surprise you, but moderate amounts of potatoes cooked in healthy oils (not processed vegetable oils) won’t make you fat. Potatoes are actually fairly high in iron, vitamin C, vitamin B6 and minerals, making them a healthy alternative to other starches so long as you don’t go nuts.

What is Alcohol.....??

What Is Alcohol?

Alcohol Is Nothing but a Drug does not contain any nutrients for our body. Pure Alcohol is colorless, orderless & inflammable fluid.

How Alcohol Made.

To make alcohol, you need to put grains, fruits or vegetables through a process called fermentation, when yeast or bacteria react with the sugars in food - the by-products are ethanol and carbon dioxide.

ALCOHOL CONTENT

Fermented drinks, such as beer and wine, contain from 2% alcohol to 20% alcohol. Distilled drinks, or liquor, contain from 40% to 50% or more alcohol. The usual alcohol content for each is:

Beer 2–6% alcohol

Cider 4–8% alcohol

Wine 8–20% alcohol

Tequila 40% alcohol

Rum 40% or more alcohol

Brandy 40% or more alcohol

Gin 40–47% alcohol

Whiskey 40–50% alcohol

Vodka 40–50% alcohol

Iqueurs 15–60% alcohol

Types Of Alcohol.

There are three major types of alcohol:

• Beer: It’s prepared by brewing and fermenting grains, then flavoring the mixture with hops, a flower that gives beer its bitterness. The alcohol content of beer usually ranges from 4% to 6% alcohol by volume.

• Wine: It’s made using fermented fruits (usually grapes). Wine is completely fermented and has a long aging process, which leads it to have an alcohol content of around 9% to 16%. 

• Spirits: A product of both fermentation and distillation. Spirits are stronger alcohols and can have an alcohol content of above 20%.

Effect of Alcohol.

Many people think that alcohol is a ‘stimulant’ as it can give people feelings of confidence and fearlessness. However, alcohol is actually classified as a 'depressant drug', which basically means that it slows down the actions of the central nervous system in your body.  If you feel confident or fearless when you drink alcohol, it’s because the alcohol impacts on your brain’s ‘warning system’ which helps you monitor your behavior.

Alcohol's classification as a depressant has a lot to do with how your body reacts to the drug. One effect of alcohol is that it lowers your heart and breathing rates. It also slows down the time it takes for a person to respond to things, which often results in being uncoordinated, having slower reflexes and making poor decisions.

What is a standard drink?

In bars, clubs, and pubs, alcohol should be served in what’s called a ‘standard drink’. This helps people work out how much they’re drinking and can make it a bit easier to control the amount of alcohol a person is drinking in one session.

One standard drink contains 10 grams of pure alcohol which can be a small, strong shot or a large, weaker drink.

Some examples of a standard drink include:

• One 425 ml schooner of light beer (2.7% alcohol)

• One 285 ml middy of regular beer (4.9% alcohol)

• One 100 ml glass of wine (12% alcohol)

• One 30 ml nip of spirits (40% alcohol)

• One 60 ml glass of port or sherry (20% alcohol)

It’s important to remember that the size of drinks served at some places, particularly at parties or home, can have more alcohol than the defined standard drink. Cocktails and party punch can have up to six standard drinks, so even though they may look like one drink they actually contain a whole lot more.

What to do now?

• Practice safe drinking.
• Drink water in between alcoholic drinks.
• Always have a safe plan to go home.
• Always plan drinking at home is safe.